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List of all the shortcut keys of windows 7 and up

Move and Resize Active Window

Win+Arrow Down     Set window to Restored (if Maximized) or Minimized (if Restored)
Win+Arrow Up     Maximize window (if Restored)
Win+Shift+Arrow Down/Win+Shift+Arrow Up     Maximize Restored window vertically / Restore window to previous state
Win+Arrow Right/Win+Arrow Left     Move Restored window to left/center/right. Works across multiple monitors
Win+Shift+Arrow Right/Win+Shift+Arrow Left     Move window to left monitor / to right monitor when using multiple monitors
Alt+Space     Opens the title bar menu
Alt+Space+Enter     Restore Window
Alt+Space+X     Maximize Window
Alt+Space+N     Minimize Window
F11     Turn full page view on or off
'Maximized' means full screen, 'Restored' means variable window size, and 'Minimized' means minimized to taskbar.

Switch between Applications


Alt+Tab,
Alt+Shift+Tab     Cycles through open programs in taskbar. Hold alt and continuously press tab to move forward between applications. Release keys to switch to application selected. Add shift to reverse direction.
Alt+Ctrl+Tab, then use arrow keys to select application     Cycles through open programs in taskbar without needing to hold alt continuously. Press alt+ctrl+tab once, then continue with arrow keys and press enter on application.
Alt+Esc/Alt+Shift+Esc     Cycle through programs on taskbar in the order they were opened or accessed
Win+Tab     Cycle through programs using Aero Flip 3D
Ctrl+Win+Tab     Cycle through programs on Taskbar using Aero Flip 3D
Win+G     Cycle through Gadget Window

Manage Multiple Windows

Win+D     Minimize all windows on all Monitors. Press again to restore previous state
Win+M     Minimize all windows on current Monitor
Win+Shift+M     Restore previously minimized windows on current Monitor
Win+Home     Set all windows to Minimized on current Monitor except active
Win+Space     Preview Desktop / make windows transparent (May not work with all Settings)

Accessing Windows Features
 
Win+E     Start Windows Explorer (in My Computer)
Win+R     Open the Run window
Win+F     Open Windows Search. f3 on empty desktop works, too.
Win+L     Lock the keyboard/ computer
Win+F1     Display Windows Help
Alt+Shift     Change keyboard language layout if multiple language layouts are active*
Shift when inserting CD or DVD     Prevent CD or DVD from automatically playing
Win+P     Choose Presentation Display Mode
Win+X     Open Mobility Center
* When working with multiple Keyboards Layouts (e.g. Spanish/English/German). Add unlimited Layouts under Regional settings and activate language bar in Taskbar to see current language. Switch with shortcut any time.

Windows 7 Taskbar

Win or Ctrl+Esc     Activate Start Button. Then use arrow keys, space and enter to navigate within Start Menu
Win+T     Go to first item in taskbar, continue with arrow keys
Win+B     Go to first item in system tray
Shift+click on a taskbar item     Start new instance of taskbar item
Ctrl+Shift+click on a taskbar item     Start new instance of taskbar item as administrator
Shift+right-click on a taskbar item     Show the window menu for the program
Win+1...9     Switch to application in position N on taskbar (or launch pinned application)
Shift+Win+1...9     Start new instance of taskbar item in position N on taskbar
Unfortunately, Microsoft removed the possibility to select multiple taskbar items in Windows 7

Navigating Desktop

Arrow Keys     Navigate between and select single icons on desktop (when focus is on the desktop)
Home/End     Select first / select last object on desktop
Enter     Launch active icon
Shift+F10     Activate context menu of active icon by simulates right mouse button. Once in the context menu use arrow keys, a-z and enter to select item
tab, shift+tab on empty desktop     Navigate between desktop, the quick-launch bar, task bar and notification bar. Then use arrow keys and enter or space to activate specific icons
A, B, C, ...     Pressing the initial letter of the name of any objects will highlight the respective application or folder. Continue typing the object name if multiple objects start with the same letter
 
Windows Explorer

Win+E     Start Windows Explorer (My Computer)
Alt+Arrow Up     Go up one folder
Alt+Arrow Left/Alt+Arrow Right     Go to previous folder / go to next folder
Tab/Shift+Tab     Switch focus forward/ backward between Address bar, Search Bar, Toolbar, Navigation Pane, and File List (Default is usually File List)
Alt+D or f4     Jump to the Address bar and select absolute address. Copy address with ctrl+c if desired
Ctrl+E or ctrl+f     Jump to Search Box in Explorer
Ctrl+N     Open new instance of Windows Explorer
F11     Maximize window

Navigate File List and Navigation Pane

Arrow Keys     Navigate between files and folders
Enter     Open folder or start application
Home/End     Jump to first / jump to last item
F2     Change the file name of active item
F2, then arrow left/Arrow Right     Move one character to the left / to the right in item name
F2, then ctrl+Arrow Left/Ctrl+Arrow Right     Jump one word to the left / to the right of item name
F2, then home /End     Jump to beginning / jump to end of item name
F2, then ctrl+a     Select complete object name including suffix (default excludes suffix)
Arrow Left/Arrow Right     Expand folder / collapse folder (navigation pane only)

File List

Alt+P     Display or hide Preview Pane
Alt+V then D     View details. Check View menu for more options
Alt+V then X     View extra-large icons. Check View menu for more options
Ctrl+mouse scroll wheel     Change size of icons

Select Items in File List and Navigation Pane


Shift+Arrow Up/Arrow Down     Select multiple adjacent items (directly above or below)
ctrl with arrow keys and space     Select multiple non-adjacent items. Hold ctrl, use arrow keys to move to next item, and press space to add/remove from selection
Ctrl+A     Select all
A ...Z and 1..9     Press the initial letter any item to jump to it. Continue typing the full name if multiple items start with the same letter

Manipulate Items in Explorer

Ctrl+C, Ctrl+X, Ctrl+V     ctrl+C for copy, Ctrl+X for cut and Ctrl+V for paste
Ctrl+Z     Undo an action
Ctrl+Y     Redo an action
Delete     Delete an item and place it into the Recycle Bin
Shift+Delete     Delete an item permanently without placing it into the Recycle Bin
Shift+F10     Activate context menu of active object. Replaces the right mouse button. Once in the context menu use arrow keys, a-z and enter to get to the selection
Ctrl+Shift+N     Create new folder
Alt+Enter     Open Properties dialog box

Photo Viewer

Arrow Left/Arrow Right     Go to next / go to previous photo
Ctrl+.     Rotate photo clockwise
Ctrl+,     Rotate photo counter-clockwise
[+]/-     Zoom in / zoom out (or mouse wheel)
Ctrl+0 (zero)     Fit to Window
Delete     Delete current photo
Shift+Delete     Permanently delete current photo
Alt+Enter     Show properties of current photo
Alt+E or Ctrl+S     Email current photo
Ctrl+C     Copy current photo file to clipboard
Alt+O     Open current photo in other application (e.g. Paint of Office)

Dialog Boxes

Ctrl+Tab/Ctrl+Shift+Tab     Move forward / move backwards through tabs
Tab/Shift+Tab     Move forward / move backwards through options
Alt+underlined letter     Perform the command (or select the option) that goes with that letter
Enter     Replaces clicking the mouse for many selected commands
Space     Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box
Arrow Keys     Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons
F4     Display the items in the active list
Backspace     Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box

Admin Tasks

Ctrl+Win+F     Search for Computers (with Active Directory activated)
Win+Pause/Break     Display System Properties which holds system properties, computer name, device manager and so on
Ctrl+Shift+Esc     Opens Windows Task Manager

Remote Desktop

Alt+Page Up/Alt+Page Down     Move between programs from left to right / from right to left
Alt+Insert     Cycle through programs in the order that they were started in
Alt+Home     Display the Start menu
Ctrl+Alt+pause/break     Switch between a window and full screen
Ctrl+Alt+End     Display the Windows Security dialog box
Alt+Delete     Display the system menu

Windows Help

Tab     Move between links
Alt+C     Display the Table of Contents
Alt+N     Display the Connection Settings menu
F10     Display the Options menu
Alt+Arrow Left/Alt+Arrow Right     Move back / move forward to the previously/ next viewed topic
Alt+A     Display the customer support page
Alt+Home     Display the Help and Support home page
Home/End     Move to the beginning / to the end of a topic
Ctrl+F     Search the current topic. Press tab to leave
Ctrl+P     Print a topic
F3     Move the cursor to the search box. Press tab to leave

Ease of Access

Win+U     Open Ease of Access Center
Press Shift five times.     Turn Sticky Keys on or off
Press Num Lock for five seconds     Turn Toggle Keys on or off
Right Shift for eight seconds     Turn Filter Keys on or off
left Alt + left Shift +Num Lock     Turn Mouse Keys on or off
left Alt + left Shift + prtScn     Turn High Contrast on or off (Careful, will change theme!)

Magnifier

Win+[+]     Start Magnifier and zoom in
Win+-     Zoom out with Magnifier active
Ctrl+Alt+I     Invert colors in Magnifier display
Win+Esc     Exit Magnifier
Ctrl+Alt+Arrow Keys     Move the Magnifier windows
Note: Microsoft lists more shortcuts for Magnifier, but not all of them seem to work.